Introduction: BK virus is an opportunistic infectious disease that causes disease and serious problems when the immune system is suppressed. One of the treatments used against this virus is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). We aimed to review the major relevant articles in case of the efficacy of IVIG and determine its usefulness. Methods: We searched online databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Wiley, EMBASE, ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google scholar. Two reviewers have independently assessed and extracted the titles and abstracts. Disagreements were being fixed by discussion. Where resolve was not feasible, a third review author was discussed. Results: We screened a total of 6 full texts. Three studies evaluated the effectiveness of IVIG in the Treatment of BK Infection in Renal Transplant Patients. Also, three studies assessed the various treatment options for Nephropathy due to the BK virus. Results showed that mean peak BK reduced with IVIG therapy after a one-year follow-up. Also, a high percentage of patients have functioning grafts after IVIG therapy. Conclusion: A review of studies shown powerful follow-up and early decrease of immunosuppression leading detection of BK viremia, with qualitative monitoring, can avoid the progress of clinically notable BK nephropathy. Combination treatment IVIG is more successful in removing viral load in patients with BKVAN, compared with traditional standard-of- care therapy.
Sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with certain high-risk populations—including elderly patients, neonates, immunocompromised individuals, those with chronic diseases, and pregnant women—experiencing worse outcomes. These groups exhibit distinct pathophysiological responses, which complicate diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Despite advancements in sepsis management, challenges persist in early risk stratification, individualized therapeutic strategies, and long-term recovery. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the impact of sepsis on high-risk populations, identify prognostic factors influencing clinical outcomes, and explore personalized treatment approaches to optimize patient management. Methodology: A systematic narrative review was conducted, following PRISMA guidelines, by analyzing peer-reviewed literature from 2015 to 2025. This study included the analysis of 80 scientific articles from eight international databases. Studies focusing on sepsis pathophysiology, microcirculatory dysfunction, diagnostic techniques, therapeutic interventions, and post-sepsis outcomes in high- risk populations were included. Results: Elderly patients demonstrated the highest sepsis-related mortality rates (>40%), while neonates and immunocompromised individuals exhibited delayed inflammatory responses, complicating diagnosis. Prognostic biomarkers such as IL-6 and IL-10 showed potential utility in these populations. Personalized fluid resuscitation, antimicrobial stewardship, and immune-modulating therapies were identified as critical to improving outcomes. Post-sepsis syndrome (PSS) was prevalent, particularly in survivors with chronic comorbidities and prolonged ICU stays. Conclusions: Optimizing sepsis management in high-risk populations requires a multidisciplinary, personalized approach, incorporating early biomarker-based diagnostics, precision-guided hemodynamic support, and tailored rehabilitation programs. Future research should focus on novel immunotherapies, antimicrobial resistance strategies, and long-term functional recovery in sepsis survivors.
Background: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show significant motor deficits and behavioral dysfunctions, as part of their clinical manifestations. Also, these children are facing important difficulties in social learning, which negatively impacts their adjustment to society’s requirements. Apart from other modes of exercise, aquatic exercises may be more attractive to children. Aquatic exercises have been shown to have a beneficial effect on gross motor skills and executive functions in children with ASD. Aim: To study the influence of aquatic exercises on the physical and psychological health of children with ASD. Methods: Researchers used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Researchers looked for articles on PubMed, Google Scholar, and by manual search. Searched articles were screened for relevancy. Potential articles were selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Out of the 231 articles, four studies were included in the current systematic review. The age of participants ranged from 3−15 years. Overall, included studies found improvements in various aspects of gross motor and executive functions by aquatic exercise in children with ASD. Conclusion: Aquatic exercises can provide health benefits to children with ASD. Aquatic exercises can be useful as a part of therapy in children with ASD. There is wide scope for further studies to evaluate the beneficial effects of aquatic exercises.
