Mental health stigma (MHS) among military personnel requires a complex approach, as it is influenced by ethical challenges and organizational norms distinct from those in civilian milieus. Stigmatization encompasses multiple dimensions -including social, self, anticipated, cultural, and structural stigma- that must also be examined within military settings. This article presents a conceptual analysis of key research directions in the field of MHS, based on a literature review conducted across three electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clarivate/Web of Science), from the inception of each database up to June 2025. The review focuses on active-duty service members and veterans, and identified six major domains involving MHS: (1) structural stigma within military contexts, (2) risk factors and consequences associated with MHS, (3) self-stigma among active-duty personnel and veterans, (4) the role of military healthcare providers in mitigating stigma, (5) military sexual trauma and its relationship to stigma, and (6) interventions aimed at decreasing MHS among military personnel. Although relevant primary and secondary studies were identified across these domains, significant research gaps remain, particularly in the last three areas. Addressing MHS in military populations is essential not only for improving quality of life, psychological well-being, and daily functioning, but also for maintaining combat readiness, unit cohesion, and peer acceptance.
[¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT enables in vivo quantification of cerebral glucose metabolism, revealing functional abnormalities before morphological changes on CT or MRI. This review summarizes major clinical indications, methodological aspects, and key metabolic patterns. In cognitive impairment, [¹⁸F]FDG PET is a core biomarker within the amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (A/T/N) framework, predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and differentiating AD, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), vascular dementia, and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS). In movement disorders, it distinguishes Parkinson’s disease (PD) from APS – including multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) – and supports prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD). In epilepsy, interictal hypometabolism aids localization of the epileptogenic zone, especially in MRI- negative cases, while in neuro-oncology, [¹⁸F]FDG PET assists in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), glioma grading, and recurrence assessment. The review also highlights roles in inflammatory and infectious diseases, such as autoimmune encephalitis, neurosarcoidosis, and post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) sequelae. Standardized preparation, glucose control, and statistical comparison with normal databases remain essential for accurate interpretation.
Loneliness is receiving more and more attention for being an important psychosocial contributor to the deterioration of quality of life, psychological well-being, onset of mental health disorders, but also to the increased mortality and morbidity, through the mediation of general health problems and suicide. While studies on the impact of loneliness in the civilian population have been steadily increasing in number over the past decade, research on the same phenomenon in military settings has progressed at a comparatively slower pace. This article is a two-stage analysis of the perceived lack of social connectedness among active-duty and former military personnel, including (1) a conceptual exploration and literature review based on searches in three electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science/Clarivate), and (2) a pragmatical set of recommended strategies to reduce the impact of loneliness in these populations. Based on the review of 42 primary and secondary sources, the paper explores the prevalence, risk and protective factors, characteristics, and consequences of loneliness, with particular attention to various minorities, female military personnel experiencing motherhood during active duty, civilian spouses of deployed service members, and other significant subgroups. Recommended directions of interventions are threefold, i.e., screening for loneliness and its risk factors, initiation of prophylactic strategies and therapeutic interventions targeting this phenomenon in vulnerable categories. In conclusion, further research on loneliness in both active and former military personnel is strongly warranted, given its significant consequences for multiple dimensions of health and overall functioning.
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a Gram-positive sporogenous bacillus strictly anaerobic, which in the last decade has became the most important anaerobic bacterium in nosocomial human pathology. Cl.dificile is the etiological agent of more than 20% of diarrhea postantibiotics, over 95% of pseudomembranous colitis and the first cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults. Although this bacterium usually colonizes the intestine of vertebrates (the normal microbiota), the toxinogenic strains (tcdA and tcdB) are pathogenic in the digestive tract. Given the excessive use of antibiotics and the increased spores resistance, it is possible an environment contamination, with strains which may already be resistant to antibiotics. The main causes of this infection are decreased resistance to antibiotic-induced colonization, contamination with a pathogenic strain of Cl.difficile, secretion of A and/or B toxins and deficient immune response. Due to the increasing worldwide incidence of infections with C. difficile on one hand and to the discovery of new ways of transmitting the infection according with some studies regarding the genetic diversity of bacterium strains on the other hand, a new approach is necessary for C. difficile related topics..
Bio-terrorism involves using biological agents/toxins with the intent to intimidate or coerce a government or civilian population to further political or social objectives, usually leading to deaths or illnesses of humans but also of plants/animals. Their use would probably initially be considered as a natural or unintentional event, especially in case of live biological agents. Moreover, a natural occurring disease outbreak could have the same destructive outcome as an efficient biological weapon. There is a need for proper differentiation between natural and intentional events although in the first stages the medical response should be similar; however, the course of incident management would take different paths later on. Biological agents’ investigation of dangerous pathogens, from natural unusual outbreaks or bio- terrorist attacks/other intentional use, imply the collaboration of different institutions with responsibilities in public health but also in national security and defense. The National Security and the Defense System institutions think mainly in security terms while national health care system institutions think principally` in medical care/prevention terms. These two ways of acting have to be combined in order to deal properly with hazardous biological agents.
Sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock are some of the most serious affections which threaten the lives of the patients who come to the Emergency Department and which require fast treatment because the more severe the sepsis was, the higher the mortality, up to 50% higher in severe sepsis. That is why, at present, the 2013 Guides of Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommend that the potential source of infection should be confirmed as soon as possible, in the first 6 hours since the patient arrived in the Emergency Unit if possible, moreover the large spectrum antibiotics therapy must be administered in one hour after the severe sepsis or the septic shock were identified. That is why the identification of these patients at risk is very important and this identification can only be made using POCT type devices. This type of devices has the capacity to make precise determinations, in a short time (15-17 minutes), using minimum quantities of integral blood, without using test tubes, sepsis biomarkers and other additional material. The possibility to fast diagnose sepsis, offers the doctors from the Emergency Department, the capacity to fast initiate an antibiotic treatment, to hospitalize the patient and at the same time, it gives them the certainty that they did not miss the sepsis diagnosis, thus avoiding the situation of malpractice. A preliminary study, regarding the sepsis biomarkers, which took place in the Emergency Unit of University Central Emergency Military Hospital, is also presented within this article.
Chronic liver disease is a late stage of progressive hepatic fibrosis. It consists of functional and structural disruptions in most chronic liver diseases. An accurate diagnosis allows us to establish the degree of fibrosis and the stage of the disease, the prognosis of the patient and to predict a treatment response. Despite the fact that liver biopsy is considered a gold standard, non- invasive methods for diagnosing liver fibrosis have gained more and more importance. Whether we talk about serum biomarkers or imagistic methods from transient elastography to 3-D magnetic resonance elastography, the question remains: are these useful or useless? Serum biomarkers represent blood components that can reflect liver histological changes, thus they can monitor the continuous process of fibrosis. These can be subcategorized in direct (that show extracellular matrix turnover) and indirect markers (that reflect disturbances in the hepatic function). However these markers alone are not as accurate in the staging of fibrosis, only help differentiate patients without or with low grade of fibrosis from those with significant fibrosis and cannot be considered alone in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. Imagistic methods include: ultrasound-based transient elastography, magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), 2D-shear wave elastography, acoustic radiation impulse imaging (ARFI) and cross sectional imaging, the first being the most used. Using a combination of non-invasive tools allows us to diminish the number of patients in need of liver biopsy. However, the patient must always be informed of the advantages and disadvantages of each method and its limitations.
Da Vinci robotic surgical platform is the result of many years of research of the military physicians from United States Army. This platform was initially intended to operate in close proximity to the battlefield, it was supposed to allow for complex surgeries without threatening medical personnel, but also to ensure a high survival rate among the wounded. Basically, after a soldier was wounded, he was supposed to be taken away from the front line, transported to the first sanitary structure which had this platform available and a surgical team from long distance, satellite connected, performed the surgery. The advantages of this course of action are related to the fact that the team is permanently safe and the injured person benefits from the experience of a welltrained surgical team.
The aim of this paper was to analyze the data obtained from case reports of oral angiolipoma in terms of age and gender distribution, site of occurrence, nature (intraosseous/ extraosseus) and infiltration. an internet search using Google scholar and Pubmed engine was carried out using search terms ‘angiolipoma’ and ‘oral’/‘mouth’. English literature full text articles and abstracts of oral angiolipoma obtained from 1976-2016 were analyzed for clinical data and presented in this article.
Escherichia coli is the species of the genus Escherichia with the greatest epidemiological impact. Escherichia coli infections are found mainly in places with poor hygiene; the infants with ages between 1 and 3 years old are included in the category with the highest risk. It is a "fecal-oral" transmission mechanism as a result of consumption of contaminated food or water, or by "dirty hands". The foods most commonly implicated in the transmission of the infection are unpasteurized milk and milk products, beef, especially the one insufficiently cooked, unpasteurized fruit juice, lettuce and insufficiently washed vegetables. The disease has been reported worldwide, being described numerous episodes of infection with Escherichia coli that caused multiple illnesses and deaths. Escherichia coli has three types of antigens: antigen "O" (somatic), antigen "H" (flagella) and antigen "K" (capsular). Clinical manifestations are present in the form of non-specific diarrhea, a dysentery form of enteritis, choleriform enteritis, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The Escherichia coli infection diagnosis is made by identifying the etiologic agent and/or by highlighting the VTI toxin in the feces. The treatment consists in precautionary antibiotherapy, hydrodynamics and electrolyte rebalancing, blood transfusions and dialysis, if in the case of renal failure. The prevention of infections with Escherichia coli is achieved by personal hygiene, food hygiene and work hygiene.
