Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a Gram-positive sporogenous bacillus strictly anaerobic, which in the last decade has became the most important anaerobic bacterium in nosocomial human pathology. Cl.dificile is the etiological agent of more than 20% of diarrhea postantibiotics, over 95% of pseudomembranous colitis and the first cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults. Although this bacterium usually colonizes the intestine of vertebrates (the normal microbiota), the toxinogenic strains (tcdA and tcdB) are pathogenic in the digestive tract. Given the excessive use of antibiotics and the increased spores resistance, it is possible an environment contamination, with strains which may already be resistant to antibiotics. The main causes of this infection are decreased resistance to antibiotic-induced colonization, contamination with a pathogenic strain of Cl.difficile, secretion of A and/or B toxins and deficient immune response. Due to the increasing worldwide incidence of infections with C. difficile on one hand and to the discovery of new ways of transmitting the infection according with some studies regarding the genetic diversity of bacterium strains on the other hand, a new approach is necessary for C. difficile related topics..
Introduction: Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) represent a significant global public health burden, particularly in highincome countries. The increasing incidence of head and neck NMSC contributes to rising morbidity and necessitates multi-disciplinary management. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the incidence, demographic distribution, histological subtypes, and seasonal variation of NMSC over a five-year period at a tertiary center in Romania. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2024, including 180 patients diagnosed and treated for malignant skin lesions. Data were extracted from clinical and histopathological records. Chi-square tests assessed seasonal distribution, and Mann-Whitney U tests compared lesion depth and surface area between demographic groups. Results: A total of 388 malignant lesions were recorded. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was the most common subtype (n = 168), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n = 25). Most patients resided in urban areas, particularly Bucharest. Males presented with significantly deeper lesions (mean: 1.5 mm) compared to females (mean: 1.25 mm; p = 0.009). Seasonal analysis revealed a significant variation in incidence, with the lowest number of cases in spring (χ² = 10.31, p = 0.016). Conclusion: The incidence of malignant skin lesions increased from 2020 to 2023, followed by a decline in 2024. Seasonal and sex-related differences were observed, with the face being the most frequent site of involvement. While the sex distribution was relatively balanced, males exhibited significantly greater lesion depths compared to females.
