Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a highly pathogenic agent that causes severe hemorrhagic disease with high mortality. Outbreak control requires rapid and accurate diagnosis together with effective vaccination strategies. The nucleoprotein (NP) is a central component of viral replication and of innate and adaptive immune responses, making it a promising target for diagnostic and vaccine development. NP is highly conserved across CCHFV isolates, which supports broad molecular and serological detection. Several studies have demonstrated that NP-based assays provide sensitive and specific results, a critical requirement for outbreak management. In vaccine research, NP has been shown to induce strong cellular immune responses that contribute to long-term protection. Multiple platforms, including recombinant proteins, DNA constructs, and viral vectors, have successfully incorporated NP with promising preclinical immunogenicity. Despite this progress, challenges remain in ensuring safety and achieving consistent immune responses across populations. Advances in nanotechnology, structural vaccinology, and bioinformatics may further improve the effectiveness of NP-based products. In conclusion, NP represents a key element for both reliable diagnostics and the induction of protective immunity. Future research should focus on optimizing NP-based platforms for translation into clinical applications and improving global preparedness against CCHFV.