Combat aircraft pilots operate in highly demanding environments where their expertise and psychophysiological responses impact performance. This study evaluated the acute psychophysiological effects of simulated and real combat flight maneuvers. Twelve Spanish Air Force fighter pilots (mean age = 33.08 ± 5.21 years) participated, averaging 13.25 ± 5.15 years of military service, including deployments in international missions. Various physiological and metabolic variables—isometric hand strength, lower body strength, pulmonary capacity, blood oxygen saturation, urinary hydration levels, cortisol, and blood lactate concentrations— were measured before and after both simulated and real combat flights. Results showed no statistically significant differences between real and simulated flights for most variables, including blood oxygen saturation, lactate, glucose, cortisol, urine color, and physical fitness indicators. However, glucose levels significantly decreased after simulated flights (p = 0.021), and horizontal jump performance improved post-real flights (p = 0.004). The similarity in physiological responses suggests that simulators effectively replicate real combat conditions, reinforcing their value as a safe, effective training tool. Simulators enhance pilot preparedness while minimizing exposure to combat risks. These findings contribute to aviation psychophysiology, improving training protocols and operational readiness for both military and civilian applications, ultimately optimizing pilot performance and safety in high-risk environments.
