Introduction – Pain is known the most common complaint in emergency departments. Several studies are administered many different protocols to control pain in trauma patients. The aim of the study was to review the major relevant articles in case of application of intravenous paracetamol and intravenous morphine sulfate for management of patients with trauma injuries. Methods – We searched the online databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Knowledge. We applied keywords included pain, acute, chronic, morphine sulfate, paracetamol, trauma, limb, wounds, and injuries, damage and etc. Results – We included four eligible randomized clinical trials in this study. Three studies reported superior effects in intravenous paracetamol compared to intravenous morphine sulfate in controlling pain in trauma patients (limb trauma and trauma headache). However, a study reported no significant differences between the two groups in knee arthroscopy in trauma patients. All studies used from VAS methods for measurement of pain score. Conclusion – The results indicated that IV paracetamol presents a superior analgesia than IV morphine sulfate particularly after acute limb trauma and trauma headache. However, further studies should be done that clinician could be have better decision for control pain in trauma patients.
Cervical cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women. It is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer in females. Screening strategies such as colposcopy can cause anxiety, discomfort, and pain in patients during this procedure and poor quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of psychoeducation on pain perception and anxiety in women undergoing colposcopy. This randomized clinical trial included 60 women, candidates for colposcopy referred to the surgical clinic of Kashan, Iran. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups: the experimental group, which received 60 minutes of psychoeducation, and the control group. Data were collected with the Spielberger anxiety inventory and visual analog score of pain and were analyzed using independent and dependent t-tests, Chi-square, and co-variance performed with SPSS version 16. The means of anxiety scores were significantly decreased post-psychoeducation in the intervention group, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant in the anxiety scores (P < 0.0001). A significant difference was observed between the mean anxiety scores of the intervention group prior to and after the psychoeducational program (PEP) intervention (99.50 ± 5.28 vs. 84.89 ± 8.80) (P 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean pain score between the study and the control group at the end of the study (P= 0.17). Psychoeducation resulted in reduced anxiety in women undergoing colposcopy. Therefore, it is recommended to consider this intervention as a suitable and effective complementary, non-invasive, low-cost method to reduce anxiety in these patients.
